Football - Wikipedia. This article is about the overall concept of games called football. For specific versions of the game, the balls themselves and other uses of the term, see Football (disambiguation). Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot to score a goal. Unqualified, the word football is understood to refer to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears. Sports commonly called 'football' in certain places include: association football (known as soccer in some countries); gridiron football (specifically American football or Canadian football); Australian rules football; rugby football (either rugby league or rugby union); and Gaelic football. Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the nineteenth century.
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A great range of markets and offers all at your fingertips. Enjoy top prices on all sports. Sign up now for your bet Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot to score a goal. Unqualified, the word football is understood to. ONVIF is an open industry forum for the development of a global standard for the interface of IP-based physical security products. ONVIF is committed to the adoption. Multiple award-winning comedy '30 Rock' is told through the comedic voice of Emmy and two-time Golden Globe winner Tina Fey as variety show producer Liz Lemon. Toda la actualidad e informaci. Watch full episodes and get the latest updates and information from your favorite FX shows.
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During the twentieth century, several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world. Body tackling is a major skill, and games typically involve short passages of play of 5. Body tackles are less central to the game, and players are freer to move around the field (offside laws are typically less strict). It is widely assumed that the word . There is no conclusive evidence for either explanation. Early history. Ancient games.
The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a Greek team game known as . These games appear to have resembled rugby football.
Roman ball games already knew the air- filled ball, the follis. The Japanese version of cuju is kemari (.
In kemari several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other, trying not to let the ball drop to the ground (much like keepie uppie). It was revived in 1. For example, in 1. English explorer named John Davis, went ashore to play a form of football with Inuit (Eskimo) people in Greenland. Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines, before attempting to kick the ball through each other team's line and then at a goal. In 1. 61. 0, William Strachey, a colonist at Jamestown, Virginia recorded a game played by Native Americans, called Pahsaheman.
The earliest historical account is an anecdote from the 1. Robert Brough- Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, in which a man called Richard Thomas is quoted as saying, in about 1. Victoria, Australia, that he had witnessed Aboriginal people playing the game: . Northeastern American Indians, especially the Iroquois Confederation, played a game which made use of net racquets to throw and catch a small ball; however, although it is a ball- goal foot game, lacrosse (as its modern descendant is called) is likewise not usually classed as a form of .
However, the main sources of modern football codes appear to lie in western Europe, especially England. Medieval and early modern Europe. The Middle Ages saw a huge rise in popularity of annual Shrovetide football matches throughout Europe, particularly in England. An early reference to a ball game played in Britain comes from the 9th century Historia Brittonum, which describes . He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday: After lunch all the youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game. The students of each school have their own ball; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls. Older citizens, fathers, and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing, and to relive their own youth vicariously: you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents.
This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve a ball being kicked. An early reference to a ball game that was probably football comes from 1. Ulgham, Northumberland, England: . A translation reads: . There is evidence for schoolboys playing a . It is not certain that the ball was being struck between members of the same team. The original word translated as .
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There is a reference to . One sentence states in the original 1. This is the first description of a . It is one in which young men, in country sport, propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air but by striking it and rolling it along the ground, and that not with their hands but with their feet.. In 1. 58. 4 and 1. John Norden and Richard Carew referred to .
Carew described how goals were made: . Similarly in a poem in 1. Michael Drayton refers to . The young aristocrats of the city would dress up in fine silk costumes and embroil themselves in a violent form of football. For example, calcio players could punch, shoulder charge, and kick opponents. Blows below the belt were allowed.
The game is said to have originated as a military training exercise. In 1. 58. 0, Count Giovanni de' Bardi di Vernio wrote Discorso sopra 'l giuoco del Calcio Fiorentino. This is sometimes said to be the earliest code of rules for any football game.
The game was not played after January 1. May 1. 93. 0). Official disapproval and attempts to ban football. There have been many attempts to ban football, from the middle ages through to the modern day.
The first such law was passed in England in 1. England alone between 1.
Women were banned from playing at English and Scottish Football League grounds in 1. Female footballers still face similar problems in some parts of the world.
Establishment of modern codes. English public schools. While football continued to be played in various forms throughout Britain, its public schools (known as private schools in other countries) are widely credited with four key achievements in the creation of modern football codes. First of all, the evidence suggests that they were important in taking football away from its . Second, many early descriptions of football and references to it were recorded by people who had studied at these schools. Third, it was teachers, students and former students from these schools who first codified football games, to enable matches to be played between schools. Finally, it was at English public schools that the division between .
Herman had been headmaster at Eton and Winchester colleges and his Latin textbook includes a translation exercise with the phrase . Mulcaster's writings refer to teams (. Wedderburn refers to what has been translated into modern English as . There is a reference to . It is clear that the tackles allowed included the charging and holding of opposing players (.
The gates are called Goals. He also mentions tactics (. He is the first to describe a . In particular, they devised the first offside rules, during the late 1.
Players were not allowed to pass the ball forward, either by foot or by hand. They could only dribble with their feet, or advance the ball in a scrum or similar formation. However, offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at each school, as is shown by the rules of football from Winchester, Rugby, Harrow and Cheltenham, during between 1. They had neither the time nor the inclination to engage in sport for recreation and, at the time, many children were part of the labour force. Feast day football played on the streets was in decline. Public school boys, who enjoyed some freedom from work, became the inventors of organised football games with formal codes of rules. Football was adopted by a number of public schools as a way of encouraging competitiveness and keeping youths fit.
Each school drafted its own rules, which varied widely between different schools and were changed over time with each new intake of pupils. Two schools of thought developed regarding rules. Some schools favoured a game in which the ball could be carried (as at Rugby, Marlborough and Cheltenham), while others preferred a game where kicking and dribbling the ball was promoted (as at Eton, Harrow, Westminster and Charterhouse).
The division into these two camps was partly the result of circumstances in which the games were played. For example, Charterhouse and Westminster at the time had restricted playing areas; the boys were confined to playing their ball game within the school cloisters, making it difficult for them to adopt rough and tumble running games. This act is usually said to be the beginning of Rugby football, but there is little evidence that it occurred, and most sports historians believe the story to be apocryphal. The act of 'taking the ball in his arms' is often misinterpreted as 'picking the ball up' as it is widely believed that Webb Ellis' 'crime' was handling the ball, as in modern soccer, however handling the ball at the time was often permitted and in some cases compulsory. Inter- school sporting competitions became possible. However, it was difficult for schools to play each other at football, as each school played by its own rules.
The solution to this problem was usually that the match be divided into two halves, one half played by the rules of the host . This also applies to other sports such as lawn bowls, lawn tennis, etc. The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world's first lawnmower in 1.
This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals, playing fields, pitches, grass courts, etc. However, many of them are still played at the schools which created them (see Surviving UK school games below). Public schools' dominance of sports in the UK began to wane after the Factory Act of 1. Before 1. 85. 0, many British children had to work six days a week, for more than twelve hours a day.
From 1. 85. 0, they could not work before 6 a. These changes mean that working class children had more time for games, including various forms of football. Firsts. Clubs. Sports clubs dedicated to playing football began in the 1. London's Gymnastic Society which was founded in the mid- 1. These were the first set of written rules (or code) for any form of football.